Ahmad Muzaki alawi

2201411093

Academic Writing (403-404)

Assignment for Week 9

Practice 1 (Direct quotations)

A

1.      There are three direct quotations used in the model paragraph in Hand Out.

2.      Reporting verbs and phrases used to introduce the direct quotations in the text are: stated, saying, and according to.

B

1.      Dr. Yixuan Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said “It is one of the most interesting phenomena we, astrophisicists, have ever studied.”

2.      As she explained “In black holes, the laws of nature do not seem to apply.”

3.      “A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun,” explained Ma’s associate, Chun-Yi Su. “Black holes are created by the death of a very large star,” she stated.

4.      “It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space,” she added, “with tremendous gravitational pull.”

5.      According to Dr. Su, “If a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.”

6.      “Time will slow down for him as he approaches the event horizon,” she said, “and when he reaches the event horizon, time will stand still for him.”

Practice 2 (Indirect quotations)

A

1.      There are four indirect quotations in the paragraph.

2.      The verb or phrases introducing the indirect quotations are: said that, estimated that, said, and according to. The last two do not contain the word that. 

B

1.      One indirect quotation is:

who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes over the last twenty-five years.

It does not follow the sequence of tenses rules.

C

1.      Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said that not every one could attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television would offer many more students the chance to learn a college degree.

2.      Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said that she miossed being on campus, but she had to work and take care of her family.

3.      Other students said that last year, they had spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now they didn’t have to do that.

4.      Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated that he could choose when to study and how to study without pressure. He also said he would take two more telecourses in the fall.

D

1.      Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium stated that he believed that as many as 10% of all Olympic athletes were regular users of performance-enhancing drugs.

2.      Dutch physician Michel Karsten is quoted as saying that there may be some sportsmen who can win gold medal without taking drugs, but there are very few.

3.      According to Dr. Karsten, who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes over the last twenty-five years, if you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from his experience you cannot continue to win without drugs.

Practice 3 (writing a paraphrase)

A

1

Artificial Languages

Since the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial languages for international use. The most successful by far has been Esperanto, a language constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esperanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin, and Greek.

A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingua, scientifically constructed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance language, and English. But whereas Esperanto has a large body of people who actually speak scattered throughout the world, Interlangua has not yet achieved much popularity (Pei 175-176)

Notes:

Estimated- attempts – successful - constructed – extremely – drawn – scattered.

Paraphrase:

Artificial Languages

From seventeenth-century, there have been more than five hundreds trials to make an international language. The best one has been Esperanto, a language that was made by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland in the end of nineteenth century. It is a very easy language to learn and speak because the words are from English, German, the Romance Languages, Latin, and Greek.

The other international language is Interlangua, made by a number of people mastering Latin, the Romance languages, and English. That so many people who speak Esperanto causes it spread out around the world, whereas Interlangua is not popular. (Pei 175-176)

2

Artificial Languages-Objections

The main objection to constructed languages, like Esperanto or Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural language have had a chance to work out for themselves over a period of many centuries; also. The artificial languages presented so far lean to heavily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry to little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought (Pei 176)

Notes:

Objection – developed – machinery – shade – chance – lean – thought.

Paraphrase:

Artificial Languagees-Objectives

The problem of creating language, like Esperanto and Interlangua, is that they have not made any establishment to process-carrying and degree of meaning that natural language has done for many centuries; also, the Artificial languages is not efficient to be used in western European and America, and it does not carry many things from Slavic, Asiatic, and African culture or usual thought.  (Pei 176)

B

1

Americans

Despite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct. You can pick out Americans anyplace in the world, often very quickly, because of their behavior. Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality. (Hall and Hall 140)

Notes:

Diversity – absorb – weave – strikingly – distinct – behavior – traits.

Paraphrase:

Americans

Although America has many different cultures, it take and cross them into an interesting culture that is noticable. We can immediately know American people wherever they are from their attitudes. They are open-minded, friendly, informal, optimis, creative, etc. (Hall and Hall 140)

2

The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

Europeans often observe that Americans schedule everyting execpt time for relaxation. This is particularly true of  American executives, who drive themselves hard, often at expense of their families and their health. Americans have fewer holidays band take shorter vacations than do Europeans. In the opinion of many German and French executives, American executives are obsessed with work; they’re workaholic. Most European do not accept working on weekends or holidays; they reserve these times for themselves and their families. (Hall and Hall 145)

Notes:

Observe – relaxation – executive – expense – obsessed – workaholic – reserve.

Paraphrase:

The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

People in Europe know that Americans always organize their activities very well except time for refreshing. Even, the high class of Americans will sacrifice their families and health for works. They have fewer holidays than Europeans. Europeans think that Americans are really crazy. They prefer works to holidays and families. (Hall and Hall 145)

Practice 4 (writing a summary)

A

1

Artificial Languages

Since the time of Descartes, it is estimated that no fewer than five hundred attempts have been made to create artificial languages for international use. The most successful by far has been Esperanto, a language constructed around the end of the nineteenth century by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. Esperanto is a language that is extremely easy to learn and speak, with its words drawn mainly from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin, and Greek.

A more recent arrival on the international scene is Interlingua, scientifically constructed by a group of language experts out of Latin, the Romance language, and English. But whereas Esperanto has a large body of people who actually speak scattered throughout the world, Interlangua has not yet achieved much popularity (Pei 175-176)

Notes:

Estimated- attempts – successful - constructed – extremely – drawn – scattered.

Summary:

Artificial Languages

Since seventeenth century, there are many acts to create an universal language. The best one is Esperanto, made by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. It is very easy to learn because the words are from common natural languages.

The other one is Interlingua. Although it is drawn from common languages too, it is not as popular as Esperanto. (Pei 175-176)

2

Artificial Languages-Objections

The main objection to constructed languages, like Esperanto or Interlingua, is that they have not developed all the thought-carrying machinery and shades of meaning that natural language have had a chance to work out for themselves over a period of many centuries; also. The artificial languages presented so far lean to heavily in the direction of the western European and American nations, and carry to little in the way of Slavic, Asiatic, and African words and habits of thought (Pei 176)

Notes:

Objection – developed – machinery – shade – chance – lean – thought.

Summary:

Artificial Language-Objectives

The weakness of Artifical Language is it can be as same as natural language. It is not efficient to use over the world because it cannot universe all culure and habits all over the world. (Pei 176)

3

Americans

Despite its ethnic diversity, the United States has managed to absorb bits and pieces of many cultures and weave them into a unique culture that is strikingly consistent and distinct. You can pick out Americans anyplace in the world, often very quickly, because of their behavior. Among their most observable traits are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality. (Hall and Hall 140)

Notes:

Diversity – absorb – weave – strikingly – distinct – behavior – traits.

Summary:

Americans

Although Amreica hase many different culture, it can make them into an unique culture so thet we can know the people immidiately we look into their behavior. (Hall and Hall 140)

4

The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

Europeans often observe that Americans schedule everyting execpt time for relaxation. This is particularly true of  American executives, who drive themselves hard, often at expense of their families and their health. Americans have fewer holidays band take shorter vacations than do Europeans. In the opinion of many German and French executives, American executives are obsessed with work; they’re workaholic. Most European do not accept working on weekends or holidays; they reserve these times for themselves and their families. (Hall and Hall 145)

Notes:

Observe – relaxation – executive – expense – obsessed – workaholic – reserve.

Summary:

The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

Americans have a very good schedule of works but no refreshing time.they are very different from Europeans. They like working very much. Even, they will accept any jobs intheir holidays and vacation.

B

A Less Society Becoming Shy

Growing numbers of those people standing silently in line at the automatic teller machine (ATM) or pumping their own self-service gas are probably victims of American’s silent, anymous epidemic. They’re shy – and the rapid technological and social changes rippling through America are increasing their numbers rapidly, says the world’s pioneering researcher into shyness. . . . the increasing numbers of shy people mean Americans are lonelier, more alienated, and in worse shape, both mentally and physically. That is hardly a prescription for healthy society. (Epstein A1)

Notes:

Pumping – victim – rapid – pioneering – lonelier – alienated – shape – prescription.

Summary:

Many people getting line in front of ATM or pumping self-service gas are maybe victim of American’s silent. Increasing numbers of technology around them make shyness. It means they are alone both mentally and physycally. That phenomenon is difficult to cure. (Epstein A1)

Stanford University professor Philip G. Zimbardo places the blame for the rising tide of shyness on three factors. First, automation, as exemplisied by ATMs and self-service gas pumps that take credit cards, “robs many of us of one more small opportunity for social contact.” Second, the revolution in personal computers and home electronic entertainment means couch potatoes and cyber-surfers have less reason for social interaction. “E-mail means you don’t have to talk to people, even over the telephone,” Zimbardo commented. Third, the changing nature of  family life and rising fear of crime are shutting people off from each other. “You don’t see kids in the streets anymore. All play is organized for them, so they don’t develop the give-and-take and leadership skills of the play-ground,” he warned. With some 50 persent of marriages ending in divorce and with most parrents working, children are robbed of the nurturing communication they once enjoyed with their parrents and extended families. (qtd. in Epstein A10)

Notes:

Blame – automation -   revolution – cyber-surfer – interaction – shutting – robbed – nurturing – extended.

Summary:

According to professor Philip G. Zimbardo, there are three factors of rising shyness phenomenon. First is automation services in our life. Second is using more personal computers and home electronic entertainment than interacting to each other. Third is changing era of family and society life.